The file in question is not using the CP1252 encoding. It’s using another encoding. Which one you have to figure out yourself. Common ones are Latin-1 and UTF-8. Since 0x90 doesn’t actually mean anything in Latin-1, UTF-8 (where 0x90 is a continuation byte) is more likely. You specify the encoding when you open the file: … Read more
When you run a program in Python, the interpreter compiles it to bytecode first (this is an oversimplification) and stores it in the __pycache__ folder. If you look in there you will find a bunch of files sharing the names of the .py files in your project’s folder, only their extensions will be either .pyc … Read more
See Python PEP 8: Function and Variable Names: Function names should be lowercase, with words separated by underscores as necessary to improve readability. Variable names follow the same convention as function names. mixedCase is allowed only in contexts where that’s already the prevailing style (e.g. threading.py), to retain backwards compatibility.
TL;DR: As of today (2019), in Python 3.7+ you can turn this feature on using a “future” statement, from __future__ import annotations. (The behaviour enabled by from __future__ import annotations might become the default in future versions of Python, and was going to be made the default in Python 3.10. However, the change in 3.10 … Read more
The shebang line in any script determines the script’s ability to be executed like a standalone executable without typing python beforehand in the terminal or when double clicking it in a file manager (when configured properly). It isn’t necessary but generally put there so when someone sees the file opened in an editor, they immediately … Read more
Enums have been added to Python 3.4 as described in PEP 435. It has also been backported to 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, and 2.4 on pypi. For more advanced Enum techniques try the aenum library (2.7, 3.3+, same author as enum34. Code is not perfectly compatible between py2 and py3, e.g. you’ll need … Read more
This will convert the dict_keys object to a list: list(newdict.keys()) On the other hand, you should ask yourself whether or not it matters. It is Pythonic to assume duck typing — if it looks like a duck and it quacks like a duck, it is a duck. The dict_keys object can be iterated over just … Read more
If you look at the docs for bytes, it points you to bytearray: bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]]) Return a new array of bytes. The bytearray type is a mutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. It has most of the usual methods of mutable sequences, described in Mutable Sequence Types, as … Read more
unfortunately, this module needs to be inside the package, and it also needs to be runnable as a script, sometimes. Any idea how I could achieve that? It’s quite common to have a layout like this… main.py mypackage/ __init__.py mymodule.py myothermodule.py …with a mymodule.py like this… #!/usr/bin/env python3 # Exported function def as_int(a): return int(a) … Read more
In Python 3, print can take an optional flush argument: print(“Hello, World!”, flush=True) In Python 2, after calling print, do: import sys sys.stdout.flush() By default, print prints to sys.stdout (see the documentation for more about file objects).