Why is “1000000000000000 in range(1000000000000001)” so fast in Python 3?

The Python 3 range() object doesn’t produce numbers immediately; it is a smart sequence object that produces numbers on demand. All it contains is your start, stop and step values, then as you iterate over the object the next integer is calculated each iteration. The object also implements the object.__contains__ hook, and calculates if your … Read more

Convert bytes to a string

Decode the bytes object to produce a string: >>> b”abcde”.decode(“utf-8”) ‘abcde’ The above example assumes that the bytes object is in UTF-8, because it is a common encoding. However, you should use the encoding your data is actually in!

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