Protractor “by.css()” vs “$()” Dollar Sign vs “$$()” ‘Bling Bling’
$ and $$ are just convenient shortcuts. $(“selector”) is an alternative for element(by.css(“selector”)). $$(“selector”) is an alternative for element.all(by.css(“selector”)). FYI, quote from the source code: ElementFinder.prototype.$ = function(selector) { return this.element(webdriver.By.css(selector)); }; ElementArrayFinder.prototype.$$ = function(selector) { return this.all(webdriver.By.css(selector)); }; And the actual commit that initially made it happen.