PHP 5.3 has a shorthand ?: operator: $foo = $bar ?: $baz; Which assigns $bar if it’s not an empty value (I don’t know how this would be different in PHP from Perl), otherwise $baz, and is the same as this in Perl and older versions of PHP: $foo = $bar ? $bar : $baz; … Read more
It’s a bitwise XOR (exclusive OR). It evaluates to True if and only if its arguments differ (one is True, the other is False). To demonstrate: >>> 0^0 0 >>> 1^1 0 >>> 1^0 1 >>> 0^1 1 To explain one of your own examples: >>> 8^3 11 Think about it this way: 1000 # … Read more
You have = the assignment operator, == the ‘equal’ comparison operator and === the ‘identical’ comparison operator. $a = $b Assign Sets $a to be equal to $b. $a == $b Equal TRUE if $a is equal to $b. $a === $b Identical TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the … Read more
From the Java Language Specification – 15.26.2 Compound Assignment Operators. A compound assignment expression of the form E1 op= E2 is equivalent to E1 = (T)((E1) op (E2)), where T is the type of E1, except that E1 is evaluated only once. So a &= b; is equivalent to a = a & b;. (In … Read more
The difference is that there is no operator ==!. This expression: $a ==! $b Is basically the same as this: $a == (!$b)
& is bitwise. && is logical. & evaluates both sides of the operation. && evaluates the left side of the operation, if it’s true, it continues and evaluates the right side.
In Python, += is sugar coating for the __iadd__ special method, or __add__ or __radd__ if __iadd__ isn’t present. The __iadd__ method of a class can do anything it wants. The list object implements it and uses it to iterate over an iterable object appending each element to itself in the same way that the … Read more
The ?? double question mark operator means “if null”. Take the following expression, for example. String a = b ?? ‘hello’; This means a equals b, but if b is null then a equals ‘hello’. Another related operator is ??=. For example: b ??= ‘hello’; This means if b is null then set it equal … Read more
It doesn’t just convert non-Numbers to Number, it converts them to Numbers that can be expressed as 32-bit unsigned ints. Although JavaScript’s Numbers are double-precision floats(*), the bitwise operators (<<, >>, &, | and ~) are defined in terms of operations on 32-bit integers. Doing a bitwise operation converts the number to a 32-bit signed … Read more
Because the equality operator == coerces, or converts, the data type temporarily to see if it’s equal to the other operand, whereas === (the identity operator) doesn’t need to do any converting whatsoever and thus less work is done, which makes it faster.