Why is b.pop(0) over 200 times slower than del b[0] for bytearray?

When you run b.pop(0), Python moves all the elements back by one as you might expect. This takes O(n) time.

When you del b[0], Python simply increases the start pointer of the object by 1.

In both cases, PyByteArray_Resize is called to adjust the size. When the new size is smaller than half the allocated size, the allocated memory will be shrunk. In the del b[0] case, this is the only point where the data will be copied. As a result, this case will take O(1) amortized time.

Relevant code:

bytearray_pop_impl function: Always calls

memmove(buf + index, buf + index + 1, n - index);

The bytearray_setslice_linear function is called for del b[0] with lo == 0, hi == 1, bytes_len == 0. It reaches this code (with growth == -1):

if (lo == 0) {
    /* Shrink the buffer by advancing its logical start */
    self->ob_start -= growth;
    /*
      0   lo               hi             old_size
      |   |<----avail----->|<-----tail------>|
      |      |<-bytes_len->|<-----tail------>|
      0    new_lo         new_hi          new_size
    */
}
else {
    /*
      0   lo               hi               old_size
      |   |<----avail----->|<-----tomove------>|
      |   |<-bytes_len->|<-----tomove------>|
      0   lo         new_hi              new_size
    */
    memmove(buf + lo + bytes_len, buf + hi,
            Py_SIZE(self) - hi);
}