public static string ToHex(this byte[] bytes, bool upperCase) { StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(bytes.Length*2); for (int i = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++) result.Append(bytes[i].ToString(upperCase ? “X2” : “x2”)); return result.ToString(); } You can then call it as an extension method: string hexString = byteArray.ToHex(false);
Yes. Iterating over a list is O(n) and adding each element to the hash set is O(1), so the total operation is O(n).
Generally, only immutable objects are hashable in Python. The immutable variant of set() — frozenset() — is hashable.
Murmur is a family of good general purpose hashing functions, suitable for non-cryptographic usage. As stated by Austin Appleby, MurmurHash provides the following benefits: simple (in term of number of generated assembly instructions). good distribution (passing chi-squared tests for practically all keysets & bucket sizes. good avalanche behavior (max bias of 0.5%). good collision resistance … Read more
Salt is traditionally stored as a prefix to the hashed password. This already makes it known to any attacker with access to the password hash. Using the username as salt or not does not affect that knowledge and, therefore, it would have no effect on single-system security. However, using the username or any other user-controlled … Read more
There is merge!. h = {} h.merge!(key: “bar”) # => {:key=>”bar”}
There are many approaches to this. If you use Ruby 2.3 or above, you can use dig my_hash.dig(‘key1’, ‘key2’, ‘key3’) Plenty of folks stick to plain ruby and chain the && guard tests. You could use stdlib Hash#fetch too: my_hash.fetch(‘key1’, {}).fetch(‘key2’, {}).fetch(‘key3′, nil) Some like chaining ActiveSupport’s #try method. my_hash.try(:[], ‘key1’).try(:[], ‘key2’).try(:[], ‘key3’) Others use … Read more
Hashing is the process of converting some large amount of data into a much smaller amount (typically a single integer) in a repeatable way so that it can be looked up in a table in constant-time (O(1)), which is important for high-performance algorithms and data structures. Immutability is the idea that an object will not … Read more
The problem here is basically a problem of entropy. So let’s start looking there: Entropy Per Character The number of bits of entropy per byte are: Hex Characters Bits: 4 Values: 16 Entropy In 72 Chars: 288 bits Alpha-Numeric Bits: 6 Values: 62 Entropy In 72 Chars: 432 bits “Common” Symbols Bits: 6.5 Values: 94 … Read more
I’m going to assume any readers of this question to have read both: Zero Piraeus’ answer and My explanation of CPython’s sets. The first thing to note is that hash randomization is decided on interpreter start-up. The hash of each letter will be the same for both sets, so the only thing that can matter … Read more