The most stable solution would be to simply let it fail and print the error message. If you think that’s too ugly for your scenario, you may redirect it to /dev/null:
folder="foo"
if ! git clone "${url}" "${folder}" 2>/dev/null && [ -d "${folder}" ] ; then
echo "Clone failed because the folder ${folder} exists"
fi
Otherwise you can do something like this:
if [ ! -d "$FOLDER" ] ; then
git clone "$URL" "$FOLDER"
fi
but that would be vulnerable to race conditions.