After the comment by @Facty and some more search, I found two solutions to install Google Chrome without raising this error. I’ll post it below for future references or people having the same issue.
There are actually two ways to install Chrome on a docker container:
If you download the deb file manually, you can install it with apt-get instead of dpkg. This will automatically install the dependencies without having to call apt -f install -y later :
RUN apt-get install -y wget
RUN wget -q https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
RUN apt-get install -y ./google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
The other solution is to add the repositories (installing the gpg key) and install from them directly, skipping the manual download:
RUN apt-get install -y wget
RUN wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | apt-key add - \
&& echo "deb http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google.list
RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y install google-chrome-stable