I finally found out how to do what I want. Basically, when using assert_has_calls, I wanted one parameter to match regardless of what it was (because I can’t recreate the lambda every time during test).
The way to do it is to use mock.ANY.
So, in my example, this could match the call:
mocked_object.assert_has_calls([
call('mock', 'foobar', mock.ANY, 10)
])