and so, apparently, Android 4.0 does not support Java 7.
By your definition, Android does not support any version of Java. The java and javax classes in the Android SDK do not exactly match any version of Java, whether a numerical version (e.g., 6, 7, 8) or whatever you want to consider Java SE/EE/ME to be.
Is there an overview which clearly shows which Android versions come with which Java version
In terms of language features (e.g., lambda expressions), quoting the documentation:
Android Studio 3.0 and later supports all Java 7 language features and a subset of Java 8 language features that vary by platform version
Here, “Android Studio” is really referring to the build tools that compile your source code and create the Dalvik bytecode. Current tools can support all Java 7 and a few Java 8 features on all versions of Android. Additional Java 8 features are only available on API Level 24+, usually because they rely upon certain classes that were only added to the Android SDK at that point.
But your concern seems to be with classes and methods, in which case there is no simple mapping of any Java version to any Android version.
Moreover, you are using reflection to hack into framework classes, which means your results will not only vary by Android version but by device model, as device manufacturers can and do change the implementation of framework classes.