As the comment says, we’re going to pack the age, gender and height into 15 bits, of the format:
AAAAAAAGHHHHHHH
Let’s start with this part:
(age << 8)
To start with, age has this format:
age = 00000000AAAAAAA
where each A can be 0 or 1.
<< 8 moves the bits 8 places to the left, and fills in the gaps with zeroes. So you get:
(age << 8) = AAAAAAA00000000
Similarly:
gender = 00000000000000G
(gender << 7) = 0000000G0000000
height = 00000000HHHHHHH
Now we want to combine these into one variable. The | operator works by looking at each bit, and returning 1 if the bit is 1 in either of the inputs. So:
0011 | 0101 = 0111
If a bit is 0 in one input, then you get the bit from the other input. Looking at (age << 8), (gender << 7) and height, you’ll see that, if a bit is 1 for one of these, it’s 0 for the others. So:
packed_info = (age << 8) | (gender << 7) | height = AAAAAAAGHHHHHHH
Now we want to unpack the bits. Let’s start with the height. We want to get the last 7 bits, and ignore the first 8. To do this, we use the & operator, which returns 1 only if both of the input bits are 1. So:
0011 & 0101 = 0001
So:
packed_info = AAAAAAAGHHHHHHH
0x7F = 000000001111111
(packed_info & 0x7F) = 00000000HHHHHHH = height
To get the age, we can just push everything 8 places to the right, and we’re left with 0000000AAAAAAAA. So age = (packed_info >> 8).
Finally, to get the gender, we push everything 7 places to the right to get rid of the height. We then only care about the last bit:
packed_info = AAAAAAAGHHHHHHH
(packed_info >> 7) = 0000000AAAAAAAG
1 = 000000000000001
(packed_info >> 7) & 1 = 00000000000000G