python

How to move a file in Python?

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os.rename(), os.replace(), or shutil.move() All employ the same syntax: import os import shutil os.rename(“path/to/current/file.foo”, “path/to/new/destination/for/file.foo”) os.replace(“path/to/current/file.foo”, “path/to/new/destination/for/file.foo”) shutil.move(“path/to/current/file.foo”, “path/to/new/destination/for/file.foo”) Note that you must include the file name (file.foo) in both the source and destination arguments. If it is changed, the file will be renamed as well as moved. Note also that in the first two … Read more

How do I terminate a script?

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import sys sys.exit() details from the sys module documentation: sys.exit([arg]) Exit from Python. This is implemented by raising the SystemExit exception, so cleanup actions specified by finally clauses of try statements are honored, and it is possible to intercept the exit attempt at an outer level. The optional argument arg can be an integer giving … Read more

In Python, how do I determine if an object is iterable?

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Checking for __iter__ works on sequence types, but it would fail on e.g. strings in Python 2. I would like to know the right answer too, until then, here is one possibility (which would work on strings, too): try: some_object_iterator = iter(some_object) except TypeError as te: print(some_object, ‘is not iterable’) The iter built-in checks for … Read more

Change column type in pandas

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You have four main options for converting types in pandas: to_numeric() – provides functionality to safely convert non-numeric types (e.g. strings) to a suitable numeric type. (See also to_datetime() and to_timedelta().) astype() – convert (almost) any type to (almost) any other type (even if it’s not necessarily sensible to do so). Also allows you to … Read more

How do I trim whitespace from a string?

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To remove all whitespace surrounding a string, use .strip(). Examples: >>> ‘ Hello ‘.strip() ‘Hello’ >>> ‘ Hello’.strip() ‘Hello’ >>> ‘Bob has a cat’.strip() ‘Bob has a cat’ >>> ‘ Hello ‘.strip() # ALL consecutive spaces at both ends removed ‘Hello’ Note that str.strip() removes all whitespace characters, including tabs and newlines. To remove only … Read more

How do I sort a dictionary by key?

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Note: for Python 3.7+, see this answer Standard Python dictionaries are unordered (until Python 3.7). Even if you sorted the (key,value) pairs, you wouldn’t be able to store them in a dict in a way that would preserve the ordering. The easiest way is to use OrderedDict, which remembers the order in which the elements … Read more

How do I create multiline comments in Python?

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You can use triple-quoted strings. When they’re not a docstring (the first thing in a class/function/module), they are ignored. ”’ This is a multiline comment. ”’ (Make sure to indent the leading ”’ appropriately to avoid an IndentationError.) Guido van Rossum (creator of Python) tweeted this as a “pro tip”. However, Python’s style guide, PEP8, … Read more

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