The underlying problem that you have seems to be the same one that is described here. The short version of that post is that in a function signature (including the dataclass-generated __init__ method), obligatory arguments (like NamedEvent’s name) can not follow after arguments with default values (which are necessary to define the behavior of Event’s … Read more
From open‘s docstring: … buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy. Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode) … So change inFile = open(WORDLIST_FILENAME, ‘r’, 0) to inFile = open(WORDLIST_FILENAME, ‘r’), or to inFile = open(WORDLIST_FILENAME, ‘rb’, 0) if you really need it (which I doubt).
Define this: class Foo(Protocol): def __call__(self, x: int = …, /) -> float: … then type hint foo as Foo instead of Callable[[int], float]. Callback protocols allow you to: define flexible callback types that are hard (or even impossible) to express using the Callable[…] syntax and optional arguments are one of those impossible things to … Read more
There’s little difference in your example, but suppose you created a subclass of Foo and called the create_new method on the subclass… class Bar(Foo): pass obj = Bar.create_new() …then this base class would cause a new Bar object to be created… class Foo: @classmethod def create_new(cls): return cls() …whereas this base class would cause a … Read more
I know this is old, but none of the answers here is a real solution if you want to be able to double-click Python files and have the correct interpreter used without modifying your PYTHONPATH or PATH every time you want to use a different interpreter. Sure, from the command line, activate my-environment works, but … Read more
You’ve correctly identified the problem: before you call plt.show() nothing is explicitly set. This is because matplotlib avoids static positioning of the ticks unless it has to, because you’re likely to want to interact with it: if you can ax.set_xlim() for example. In your case, you can draw the figure canvas with fig.canvas.draw() to trigger … Read more
TL;DR MappingProxyType is a read only proxy for mapping (e.g. dict) objects. frozendict is an immutable dict Answer The proxy pattern is (quoting wikipedia): A proxy, in its most general form, is a class functioning as an interface to something else. The MappingProxyType is just a simple proxy (i.e. interface) to access the real object … Read more
This is happening because you’re passing a bytes object in the data dict (b’1′, specifically), probably as the value of index. You need to decode it to a str object before json.dumps can work with it: data = { “body”: email.decode(‘utf-8’), “query_id”: index.decode(‘utf-8’), # decode it here “debug”: 1, “client_id”: “1”, “campaign_id”: 1, “meta”: {“content_type”: … Read more
The footnotes one that page says: [1] It is possible in some cases to change an object’s type, under certain controlled conditions. It generally isn’t a good idea though, since it can lead to some very strange behaviour if it is handled incorrectly. If you try to change the __class__ of f2 to list: f2.__class__ … Read more
I think you can sort your input by the start of the ranges, then iterate through them. At each item, it is either added to the current range (if the start is less than the end of the current range) or we yield out current range and begin accumulating a new range: def overlaps(ranges): ranges … Read more