You can use the fact that every array implements IEnumerable:
string[] arr = ((IEnumerable)obj).Cast<object>()
.Select(x => x.ToString())
.ToArray();
This will box primitives appropriately, before converting them to strings.
The reason the cast fails is that although arrays of reference types are covariant, arrays of value types are not:
object[] x = new string[10]; // Fine
object[] y = new int[10]; // Fails
Casting to just IEnumerable will work though. Heck, you could cast to Array if you wanted.