lookup registry-1.docker.io: no such host

You need to set the proxy for Docker daemon also using environment variable. Docker run is also doing docker pull since the image doesn’t exists. In your case the proxy is only applied to the docker run command, which delegates to the docker daemon which is running without proxy.

Create a file named /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d/10_docker_proxy.conf with below content

[Service]
Environment=HTTP_PROXY=http://1.1.1.1:111
Environment=HTTPS_PROXY=http://1.1.1.1:111

Make sure to update the proxy as per the ones you have 1.1.1.1:111 is just an example

Then execute below commands to restart docker

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

Now use your docker run command and it should work