In the preview version of VSCode it is not yet possible to pass arguments to node from the launch.json. But the workaround mentioned above works fine.
I have created a bug on our side and will make sure it’s fixed with the next release.
Andre Weinand,
Visual Studio Code
Update:
The fix is in VSCode since v0.3 with this in .settings/launch.json:
"configurations": [
{
...
// Optional arguments passed to the runtime executable.
"runtimeArgs": [],
...
So to e.g. run Node.js (v0.12) with ES6 support use "runtimeArgs": ["--harmony"],