How to reuse calculated columns avoiding duplicating the sql statement

You could try something like this.

SELECT 
    A.Val AS A, 
    B.Val AS B, 
    C.Val AS C 
FROM MYTABLE
  cross apply(select 1 + 2) as A(Val)
  cross apply(select A.Val + 3) as B(Val)
  cross apply(select B.Val * 7) as C(Val)