A web server definitely isn’t required to use a client side JavaScript library like d3.js.
For C#, you’ll need to embed a web browser control (in either WindowsForms or WPF).
You’ll need to make sure that the browser is working in IE9 Standards mode as shown here.
Create your web pages as you would normally. Navigate to them using webbrowser.navigate (as just files on the file system.)
This should work.