The error was due to the fact that the textFile method from SparkContext returned an RDD and what I needed was a DataFrame.
SparkSession has a SQLContext under the hood. So I needed to use the DataFrameReader to read the CSV file correctly before converting it to a parquet file.
from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
spark = SparkSession \
.builder \
.appName("Protob Conversion to Parquet") \
.config("spark.some.config.option", "some-value") \
.getOrCreate()
# read csv
df = spark.read.csv("/temp/proto_temp.csv")
# Displays the content of the DataFrame to stdout
df.show()
df.write.parquet("output/proto.parquet")