How can I access local variables from inside a C++11 anonymous function?

You need a closure.

float tot = std::accumulate(weights.begin(), weights.end(), 0);
std::transform(weights.begin(), weights.end(), [tot](float x)->float{return(x/tot);});

In this case tot is captured by value. C++11 lambdas support capturing by:

1. value [x]
2. reference [&x]
3. any variable currently in scope by reference [&]
4. same as 3, but by value [=]

You can mix any of the above in a comma separated list [x, &y].