You can do SelectMany
List<Location> result = myLocationList.SelectMany(x => x.Children).ToList();
You can use where condition for some selective results like
List<Location> result = myLocationList.Where(y => y.ParentID == someValue)
.SelectMany(x => x.Children).ToList();
If you only required Id’s of Children you can do
List<long> idResult = myLocationList.SelectMany(x => x.Children)
.SelectMany(x => x.ID).ToList();