I had the same problems with Android 11 (API level 30) – everything worked well before software update (and on my test device that is running earlier version) – The following seems to have put me on the right track
https://developer.android.com/training/basics/intents/package-visibility#all-apps
I solved my problem by adding the following in the AndroidManifest.xml (although it may not be necessary.)
<activity android:name="io.flutter.plugins.urllauncher.WebViewActivity"
android:theme="@android:style/Theme.NoTitleBar.Fullscreen"
android:exported="false"/>
That alone did not work, and then I added to the lines just below <manifest … package=”com.example.app”:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES" />