You may need to restart the docker service to get it to detect the change in OS certificates.
Docker does have an additional location you can use to trust individual registry server CA. You can place the CA cert inside /etc/docker/certs.d/<docker registry>/ca.crt. Include the port number if you specify that in the image tag, e.g in Linux.
/etc/docker/certs.d/my-registry.example.com:5000/ca.crt
or in Windows 10:
C:\ProgramData\docker\certs.d\ca.crt