Within your python code you can read env variables like:
import os
username = os.environ['MY_USER']
password = os.environ['MY_PASS']
print("Running with user: %s" % username)
Then when you run your container you can set these variables:
docker run -e MY_USER=test -e MY_PASS=12345 ... <image-name> ...
This will set the env variable within the container and these will be later read by the python script (test.py)
More info on os.environ and docker env