Difference between Synchronization Context and Dispatcher

They both have similar effects, but SynchronizationContext is more generic.

Application.Current.Dispatcher refers to the WPF dispatcher of the application, and using Invoke on that executes the delegate on the main thread of that application.

SynchronizationContext.Current on the other hand returns different implementations of depending on the current thread. When called on the UI thread of a WPF application it returns a SynchronizationContext that uses the dispatcher, when called in on the UI thread of a WinForms application it returns a different one.

You can see the classes inheriting from SynchronizationContext in its MSDN documentation: WindowsFormsSynchronizationContext and DispatcherSynchronizationContext.

One thing to be aware about when using SynchronizationContext is that it returns the synchronization context of the current thread. If you want to use the synchronization context of another thread, e.g. the UI thread, you have to first get its context and store it in a variable:

public void Control_Event(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    var uiContext = SynchronizationContext.Current;
    Task.Run(() => 
    {
        // do some work
        uiContext.Post(/* update UI controls*/);
    }
}

This does not apply to Application.Current.Dispatcher, which always returns the dispatcher for the application.