You have four main options for converting types in pandas: to_numeric() – provides functionality to safely convert non-numeric types (e.g. strings) to a suitable numeric type. (See also to_datetime() and to_timedelta().) astype() – convert (almost) any type to (almost) any other type (even if it’s not necessarily sensible to do so). Also allows you to … Read more
To remove all whitespace surrounding a string, use .strip(). Examples: >>> ‘ Hello ‘.strip() ‘Hello’ >>> ‘ Hello’.strip() ‘Hello’ >>> ‘Bob has a cat’.strip() ‘Bob has a cat’ >>> ‘ Hello ‘.strip() # ALL consecutive spaces at both ends removed ‘Hello’ Note that str.strip() removes all whitespace characters, including tabs and newlines. To remove only … Read more
The common approach to get a unique collection of items is to use a set. Sets are unordered collections of distinct objects. To create a set from any iterable, you can simply pass it to the built-in set() function. If you later need a real list again, you can similarly pass the set to the … Read more
You want vars() mixed with pprint(): from pprint import pprint pprint(vars(your_object))
Note: for Python 3.7+, see this answer Standard Python dictionaries are unordered (until Python 3.7). Even if you sorted the (key,value) pairs, you wouldn’t be able to store them in a dict in a way that would preserve the ordering. The easiest way is to use OrderedDict, which remembers the order in which the elements … Read more
You can use triple-quoted strings. When they’re not a docstring (the first thing in a class/function/module), they are ignored. ”’ This is a multiline comment. ”’ (Make sure to indent the leading ”’ appropriately to avoid an IndentationError.) Guido van Rossum (creator of Python) tweeted this as a “pro tip”. However, Python’s style guide, PEP8, … Read more
unfortunately, this module needs to be inside the package, and it also needs to be runnable as a script, sometimes. Any idea how I could achieve that? It’s quite common to have a layout like this… main.py mypackage/ __init__.py mymodule.py myothermodule.py …with a mymodule.py like this… #!/usr/bin/env python3 # Exported function def as_int(a): return int(a) … Read more
The assert statement exists in almost every programming language. It has two main uses: It helps detect problems early in your program, where the cause is clear, rather than later when some other operation fails. A type error in Python, for example, can go through several layers of code before actually raising an Exception if … Read more
In Python, the ‘null’ object is the singleton None. To check if something is None, use the is identity operator: if foo is None: …
This information is available in the sys.version string in the sys module: >>> import sys Human readable: >>> print(sys.version) # parentheses necessary in python 3. 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Jul 31 2008, 17:28:52) [GCC 4.2.3 (Ubuntu 4.2.3-2ubuntu7)] For further processing, use sys.version_info or sys.hexversion: >>> sys.version_info (2, 5, 2, ‘final’, 0) # or >>> sys.hexversion 34014192 To … Read more