Josh Bloch recently mentioned in a presentation that this is one of the mistakes in the language.
I think the reason behind this is that java does not have unsigned numeric types, and byte should conform to that rule. (Note: char is unsigned, but does not represent numbers)
As for the particular question: I can’t think of any example. And even if there were examples, they would be fewer than the ones for 0..255, and they could be implemented using masking (rather than the majority)