Why does the html input with type “number” allow the letter ‘e’ to be entered in the field?

Because that’s exactly how the spec says it should work. The number input can accept floating-point numbers, including negative symbols and the e or E character (where the exponent is the number after the e or E):

A floating-point number consists of the following parts, in exactly
the following order:

1. Optionally, the first character may be a “-” character.
2. One or more characters in the range “0—9“.
3. Optionally, the following parts, in exactly the following order:
   1. a “.” character
   2. one or more characters in the range “0—9“
4. Optionally, the following parts, in exactly the following order:
   1. a “e” character or “E” character
   2. optionally, a “-” character or “+” character
   3. One or more characters in the range “0—9“.