It’s 2013, isn’t there an easier way of building Firefox extensions?

Yes there is!

The links you provided in the question are unbelievably outdated. There is a new, much better way of developing Firefox extensions — Firefox Add-on SDK.

However it’s pretty hard to stumble upon it by just googling along the lines of ‘firefox addon tutorial’. I’m amazed Mozilla doesn’t advertise it more aggressively, or at least mention it on those pages you found.

Steps to get started (Mac/Linux, but should be pretty similar for PC):

• Download the SDK from https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/developers/builder, unpack it.
• Quickly glance over the README file (always useful).
• Execute source bin/activate from the SDK dir (the same dir the README file is in).
• Execute cfx docs — this bootstraps local copy of SDK docs and opens it in your browser.
• Leave the SDK dir, create an empty dir for your extension.
• Execute cfx init inside the extensions dir — this generates all the necessary files/directories.
• Follow the rest of getting-started-with-cfx page:
  • Update lib/main.js with just a few lines of JS to place a custom widget onto add-on bar.
  • Execute cfx run — this opens fresh Firefox instance with your new shiny extension in it.

All in all, it took me just a few hours to read the documentation, get familiar with the SDK API-s, find SDK module to place a widget onto a navigation bar instead of add-on bar, and develop fully-functional extension in just about 50 lines of JavaScript.

HTH!

Update

There is a new standard, called WebExtensions

From MDN

There are currently several toolsets for developing Firefox add-ons, but WebExtensions will become the standard by the end of 2017.

If you are writing a new add-on, we recommend that you write a WebExtension.