CL’s answer is correct but kind of skirts the issue at hand. As mentioned, a column (or multiple columns) of any type can be used as a primary key. So you could store the UUID as a formatted, human-readable string and make that your table’s key. And since a UUID is just a 128-bit integer, you could also store the integer’s bytes as a BLOB, which saves space and might be slightly faster.
But to more directly answer what I believe is the question at hand, no, SQLite does not have any features that directly support UUID’s. When SQLite creates a table, it uses a column’s declared type to determine which of the five underlying storage classes (integer, real, text, blob or null) it will use. After the table is created, a column’s type isn’t used and the column’s behavior is determined entirely by its storage class. There are no UUID-specific column types or storage classes. There also don’t seem to be any functions available for converting to and from a formatted UUID string. To get your UUID’s bytes, you’ll want to see what methods are provided by the language your application is written in. For example, Java’s UUID class or Apple’s NSUUID.