I work for Tumblr, and while I didn’t write the iPhone app (he did), I have the source and can tell you how it’s done.
In -tableView:cellForRowAtIndexPath:
cell.backgroundView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"postCellBackground.png"]];
cell.selectedBackgroundView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"postCellBackgroundSelected.png"]];
Pretty simple, really: PNG images in a UIImageView as the cell’s background views.
The two images are 1×61 vertical gradients that UIKit automatically stretches horizontally to fit the width of the cell.