SQL to select all rows with duplicate values in one column

You could use windowed COUNT:

SELECT sub.name, sub.employee_id
FROM (SELECT *, COUNT(*) OVER(PARTITION BY employee_id) AS c
      FROM users) AS sub
WHERE c > 1;

LiveDemo

or simple IN:

SELECT *
FROM users
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT employee_id 
                      FROM users 
                      GROUP BY employee_id 
                      HAVING COUNT(employee_id) > 1);

LiveDemo2

or correlated subquery:

SELECT name, employee_id
FROM users u
,LATERAL (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users u2 WHERE u.employee_id = u2.employee_id) AS s(c)
WHERE c > 1;

SqlFiddleDemo