EDIT: I had misunderstood the mechanism of a centrifuge and it appears that it does a comparison, a massively-parallel one at that. However there are physical processes that operate on a property of the entity being sorted rather than comparing two properties. This answer covers algorithms that are of that nature.
A centrifuge applies a sorting mechanism that doesn’t really work by means of comparisons between elements, but actually by a property (‘centrifugal force’) on each individual element in isolation.Some sorting algorithms fall into this theme, especially Radix Sort. When this sorting algorithm is parallelized it should approach the example of a centrifuge.
Some other non-comparative sorting algorithms are Bucket sort and Counting Sort. You may find that Bucket sort also fits into the general idea of a centrifuge (the radius could correspond to a bin).
Another so-called ‘sorting algorithm’ where each element is considered in isolation is the Sleep Sort. Here time rather than the centrifugal force acts as the magnitude used for sorting.