That’s a Core configuration, so it’s saved in core_config_data table, and the phone information is the field:
general/store_information/phone
So, all you need is to read the configuration data as
$storePhone = Mage::getStoreConfig('general/store_information/phone');
For CMS pages insert the following variable:
{{config path="general/store_information/phone"}}
You can find more info on this here, and you can always do the reverse programmatically