If you are running this on an M1 macbook, it’s possible that you are running a native Arm image of ubuntu, instead of the emulated x86 image. If the elasticsearch distribution you are trying to install is for x86_64, then it attempts to link to the x86-64-native ld.so, which of course isn’t present on different platforms.
Either install the package for the arm platform specifically if they provide one, or – more likely – run docker explicitly as the emulated x86_64 platform:
docker run --platform linux/x86_64 <image>