Yes, kind of. You can get environment variables substituted in to the config file at start up with the ${ENVVAR} syntax. It’s up to you to figure out how to set those variables before starting up the server.
http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/configuring.html#syntax
Note that these variables will persist so any scripts in languages like php will be able to read them.
Also it’s important to note that these values are interpreted once only when the server starts up so they’re more like constants than variables.
Update
As of httpd version 2.4, see this answer instead: https://stackoverflow.com/a/15731921/498798