No, you can’t.
See Selecting and manipulating CSS pseudo-elements such as ::before and ::after using jQuery. To repeat what is described there, generated content is not part of the DOM.
In the words of the CSS2.1 spec,
Generated content does not alter the document tree.
Generated content only exists in the visual world of the rendering engine. Selecting is about selecting portions of the DOM. Generated content is not in the DOM, hence cannot be selected. For the same reason, generated counters or list item bullets cannot be selected.