You can do as given below:
$this->db->where('id', $post['identifier']);
$this->db->set('votes', 'votes+1', FALSE);
$this->db->update('users');
The reason this works is because the third (optional) FALSE parameter tells CodeIgniter not to protect the generated query with backticks ('). This means that the generated SQL will be:
UPDATE users SET votes= votes + 1 WHERE id= '44'
If you notice, the backticks are removed from '(votes+1)', which produces the desired effect of incrementing the votes attribute by 1.