Another way:
convert *.jpg -resize 80% -set filename:f '%t' ../'%[filename:f].jpg'
Will place converted files in the folder above.
The option -set filename:f '%t' sets the property filename:f to the current filename without the extension. Properties beginning with filename: are a special case that can be referenced in the output filename. Here we set it to ../'%[filename:f].jpg, which ends up being the image filename with the extension replaced with .jpg in the parent directory.
Documentation references:
-setdocumentation, which mentions thefilename:special case%tand other Format and Print Image Properties