You could pass in the desired ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT into the dotnet publish command as an argument using:
/p:EnvironmentName=Staging
e.g.
dotnet publish /p:Configuration=Release /p:EnvironmentName=Staging
This will generate out the web.config with the correct environment specified for your project:
<environmentVariables>
<environmentVariable name="ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT" value="Staging" />
</environmentVariables>