How to list all the files in android phone by using adb shell?

I might be wrong but “find -name __” works fine for me. (Maybe it’s just my phone.)
If you just want to list all files, you can try

adb shell ls -R /

You probably need the root permission though.

Edit:
As other answers suggest, use ls with grep like this:

adb shell ls -Ral yourDirectory | grep -i yourString

eg.

adb shell ls -Ral / | grep -i myfile

-i is for ignore-case. and / is the root directory.