How do I merge two maps in STL and apply a function for conflicts?

I don’t know of any existing function for that, but you can roll your own from something similar to std::merge implementation to have linear complexity:

template<class Map, class Merger>
void merge(Map& dest, const Map& source, Merger merger)
{
    auto it1 = dest.begin();
    auto it2 = source.begin();
    auto&& comp = dest.value_comp();

    for (; it1 != dest.end() && it2 != source.end(); ) {
        if (comp(*it1, *it2)) {
            ++it1;
        } else if (comp(*it2, *it1)) {
            dest.insert(it1, *it2); // with hint to have correct complexity
            ++it2;
        } else { // equivalent
            it1->second = merger(it1->second, it2->second);
            ++it1;
            ++it2;
        }
    }
    dest.insert(it2, source.end());
}

Demo