I achieved something of what I am looking for using colgroup and, alas, custom CSS (though not very much): http://jsfiddle.net/75v7W/4/
Note: For the background-colors below, I pulled from the success, error, etc. from the default colors in the bootstrap.css. If you have customized your bootstrap.css, these specific colors may not work for you.
CSS
colgroup col.success {
background-color: #dff0d8;
}
colgroup col.error {
background-color: #f2dede;
}
colgroup col.warning {
background-color: #fcf8e3;
}
colgroup col.info {
background-color: #d9edf7;
}
TABLE
<table class="table table-condensed">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col span="2" class="info">
<col span="2" class="success">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Current</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">New</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>First Name</th>
<th>Last Name</th>
<th>Fisrt Name</th>
<th>Last Name</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>John</td>
<td>Bauer</td>
<td>Jack</td>
<td>Bauer</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>