Not in gradle.properties but in build.gradle itself. Add the following piece of code at the very beginning of the build script:
import org.gradle.logging.ShowStacktrace
gradle.startParameter.showStacktrace = ShowStacktrace.ALWAYS
throw new RuntimeException('lol')
Or in Android Studio:
import org.gradle.api.logging.configuration.ShowStacktrace
gradle.startParameter.showStacktrace = ShowStacktrace.ALWAYS
It also might be put in init script.
As pointed out in the comments, from gradle v. 2.14 it will be:
gradle.startParameter.showStacktrace = org.gradle.api.logging.configuration.ShowStacktrace.ALWAYS