You can get attribute value with evaluate method.
await page.evaluate('document.querySelector("span.styleNumber").getAttribute("data-Color")')
Second way
$$eval method can also be used. Also attributes called as Array from variable
const attr = await page.$$eval("span.styleNumber", el => el.map(x => x.getAttribute("data-Color")));
Output will be
["Blue", "Green", "Red"]
Your solution
const styleNumbers = await page.$$("span.styleNumber");
for( let styleNumber of styleNumbers ) {
const attr = await page.evaluate(el => el.getAttribute("data-Color"), styleNumber);
}