In Espresso, you can use ActivityLifecycleMonitorRegistry but it is not officially supported, so it may not work in future versions.
Here is how it works:
Activity getCurrentActivity() throws Throwable {
getInstrumentation().waitForIdleSync();
final Activity[] activity = new Activity[1];
runTestOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
java.util.Collection<Activity> activities = ActivityLifecycleMonitorRegistry.getInstance().getActivitiesInStage(Stage.RESUMED);
activity[0] = Iterables.getOnlyElement(activities);
}});
return activity[0];
}