You should be able to exploit the fact that the matrix is affine to speed things up over a full inverse. Namely, if your matrix looks like this
A = [ M b ]
[ 0 1 ]
where A is 4×4, M is 3×3, b is 3×1, and the bottom row is (0,0,0,1), then
inv(A) = [ inv(M) -inv(M) * b ]
[ 0 1 ]
Depending on your situation, it may be faster to compute the result of inv(A) * x instead of actually forming inv(A). In that case, things simplify to
inv(A) * [x] = [ inv(M) * (x - b) ]
[1] = [ 1 ]
where x is a 3×1 vector (usually a 3D point).
Lastly, if M represents a rotation (i.e. its columns are orthonormal), then you can use the fact that inv(M) = transpose(M). Then computing the inverse of A is just a matter of subtracting the translation component, and multiplying by the transpose of the 3×3 part.
Note that whether or not the matrix is orthonormal is something that you should know from the analysis of the problem. Checking it during runtime would be fairly expensive; although you might want to do it in debug builds to check that your assumptions hold.
Hope all of that is clear…