You can run docker in a virtual machine.

New Update

Vagrant has now integrated docker support. It can be used as provider or as provisioner. Here are some useful links.

Feature Preview: Docker-Based Development Environments

Vagrant Docs: Docker Provisioner

Vagrant Docs: Docker Provider

Old Update

As seanf pointed out in a comment below, Vagrant support was dropped. Instead they point to boot2docker:

boot2docker is a lightweight Linux distribution based on Tiny Core
Linux made specifically to run Docker containers. It runs completely
from RAM, weighs ~24MB and boots in ~5s (YMMV).

Old answer

The official docker documentation contains a small guide to install docker inside a Vagrant box. Vagrant is a great vm management wrapper. The guide is for Mac/Linux, but you get the idea to do the same in Windows:

http://docs.docker.io/en/latest/installation/vagrant/

This way you can share docker images across multiple systems with different operating systems.