The mtime refers to last time the file’s contents were changed. This can be altered on unix systems in various ways. Often, when you restore files from backup, the mtime is altered to indicate the last time the contents were changed before the backup was made.
The ctime indicates the last time the inode was altered. This cannot be changed. In the above example with the backup, the ctime will still reflect the time of file restoration. Additionally, ctime is updated when things like file permissions are changed.
Unfortunately, there’s usually no way to find the original date of file creation. This is a limitation of the underlying filesystem. I believe the ext4 filesystem has added creation date to the inode, and Apple’s HFS also supports it, but I’m not sure how you’d go about retrieving it in Python. (The C stat function and the corresponding stat command should show you that information on filesystems that support it.)