Message Oriented protocols send data in distinct chunks or groups. The receiver of data can determine where one message ends and another begins. Stream protocols send a continuous flow of data. Here is an example with mobile phones. Text messages would be a message oriented protocol as each text message is distinct from the other … Read more
I know this is an old question, but i’ve also been in search for an answer. The previous answer does not make mention of the interval, so I searched through some code of some popular websocket frameworks. Not that this is official, but at least it gives a starting point: this repo makes use of … Read more
The sequence number loops back to 0. Source: TCP sequence numbers and receive windows behave very much like a clock. The receive window shifts each time the receiver receives and acknowledges a new segment of data. Once it runs out of sequence numbers, the sequence number loops back to 0. Also see chapter 4 of … Read more
After googling a lot, I recognized that the four-way is actually two pairs of two-way handshakes. If termination is a REAL four-way actions, the 2 and 3 indeed can be set 1 at the same packet. But this a two-phase work: the first phase (i.e. the first two-way handshake) is : Client ——FIN—–> Server Client … Read more
To give a short answer: the receive window is managed by the receiver, who sends out window sizes to the sender. The window sizes announce the number of bytes still free in the receiver buffer, i.e. the number of bytes the sender can still send without needing an acknowledgement from the receiver. The congestion window … Read more
TCP: Size of Ethernet frame – 24 Bytes Size of IPv4 Header (without any options) – 20 bytes Size of TCP Header (without any options) – 20 Bytes Total size of an Ethernet Frame carrying an IP Packet with an empty TCP Segment – 24 + 20 + 20 = 64 bytes UDP: Size of … Read more
One of the big features of Hadoop/map-reduce is the fault tolerance. Fault tolerance is not supported in most (any?) current MPI implementations. It is being thought about for future versions of OpenMPI. Sandia labs has a version of map-reduce which uses MPI, but it lacks fault tolerance.
It will be split when it hits a network device with a lower MTU than the packet’s size. Most ethernet devices are 1500, but it can often be smaller, like 1492 if that ethernet is going over PPPoE (DSL) because of the extra routing information, even lower if a second layer is added like Windows … Read more
In theory SMTP can be handled by either TCP, UDP, or some 3rd party protocol. As defined in RFC 821, RFC 2821, and RFC 5321: SMTP is independent of the particular transmission subsystem and requires only a reliable ordered data stream channel. In addition, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority has allocated port 25 for both … Read more
You Just Can’t Beat the Binary Binary protocols will always be more space efficient than text protocols. Even as internet speeds drastically increase, so does the amount and complexity of information we wish to convey. The text protocols you reference are outstanding in terms of standardization, flexibility and ease of use. However, there will always … Read more